Cambodia
Nowhere has the impact of Kissinger’s influence been more keenly felt than in Cambodia, where his role in expanding the Vietnam War through a “secret bombing” campaign in 1969 and ground incursion by US forces the following year leaves a festering wound on the Southeast Asian nation to this day.
The United States dropped over 540,000 tonnes of bombs in a campaign known as Operation Menu, which he and then-president Nixon pursued without the backing or knowledge of Congress in an effort to destroy the Khmer Rouge.
The aftermath of heavy bombing in Snuol, Cambodia, during the Cambodian Campaign of the Vietnam War, in May 1970
(Getty Images)
The US was not at war with Cambodia, but Kissinger felt the barbaric operation was needed to prevent the Khmer Rouge from supporting the communist North Vietnamese army.
The fissures from the disastrous military campaign led to an eight year civil war between the Cambodian government and the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot. The war killed an estimated 275,000–310,000 people, displaced millions, and destroyed a fifth of the country.
In declassified transcripts of telephone conversations from 1970, Kissinger spoke to Nixon about the situation in Cambodia before relaying the following order to his deputy Alexander Haig: “He wants a massive bombing campaign in Cambodia… It’s an order, it’s to be done. Anything that flies, on anything that moves. You got that?”
At the age of 90, and in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary, Kissinger maintained that the US aerial bombardment took place in parts of Cambodia that “were essentially unpopulated”.
Kissinger was later found to
have sabotaged peace talks between the US and the Vietcong while advising the Lyndon B Johnson administration during the Paris Peace Talks of 1968 by passing confidential intelligence to the South Vietnamese government.
President Richard Nixon, right, offers his congratulations to his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, after he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973
(AP)
Many thought it grotesque that Kissinger was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize in 1973 for negotiating the end of the war.
After visiting the country, the late chef, author and TV icon Anthony Bourdain wrote in his 2011 book
A Cook’s Tour: “Once you’ve been to Cambodia, you’ll never stop wanting to beat Henry Kissinger to death with your bare hands”.
“Witness what Henry did in Cambodia – the fruits of his genius for statesmanship – and you will never understand why he’s not sitting in the dock at The Hague next to Milošević.”
Speaking to the New Yorker in 2017, Bourdain said he was “sickened” by how New York society had embraced Kissinger.
Senator Bernie Sanders said that Kissinger “created one of the worst genocides in the history of the world”.
East Timor
Kissinger’s bloody role in the massacre by Indonesian forces of the East Timorese people would only emerge decades after the fact.
He and President Gerald Ford met with the Indonesian dictator Suharto in December 1975 where they gave him the greenlight to invade East Timor, sparking a civil war that left as many as 200,000 people dead, according to documents that were declassified in 2001.
“It is important that whatever you do succeeds quickly,” Kissinger told Suharto
during a brief visit to Indonesia, according to telegrams obtained by the National Security Archive at George Washington University.
The next day, Indonesia invaded the fledgling former Portuguese colony, resulting in a decades-long conflict that continued until 2002 when Timor finally gained independence.
President Bill Clinton, left, and former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger laugh at a national policy conference, March 1, 1995
(AP)
Asked about the tacit approval in 1995, Kissinger flat out denied he had discussed the invasion with Suharto, who was viewed as a bulwark against communist expansion in the region.
“Those who follow history, who follow international politics — they know about this past, which was tragic and ugly,” East Timorese president José Ramos-Horta told
the Washington Post in an interview after Kissinger’s death.
Mr Ramos-Horta told
The Post that he felt Kissinger and other US officials were “embarrassed by what they did”, but in numerous face-to-face meetings he had never acknowledged his role in the massacre of the East Timorese people.
Chile
Salvador Allende had been viewed as a threat to US hegemony in South America long before he was elected as Chilean president in 1970, at a time when much of the continent was ruled by military dictatorships propped up by American support.
The socialist leader implemented wide-ranging reforms to nationalise the country’s copper mining industry, provide free health care and education to help lift the poorest out of poverty. He also re-established diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union and Fidel Castro’s Cuba.
Declassified reports would later show that Kissinger led the Nixon administration’s efforts to destabilise the country, and spent millions on covert activities to undermine his government and protect US business interests.
Chilean President Salvador Allende salutes from an open vehicle as General Augusto Pinochet rides on horseback alongside him in Santiago, in May 1972
(Associated Press)
Three years into Allende’s rule, with the country facing record inflation and widespread strikes (which were in part
funded by the CIA) a coup led by General Augusto Pinochet saw the overthrow of the democratically-elected government.
Kissinger denied any involvement or knowledge of the coup, although
declassified documents later showed that he and Nixon had branded Allende as a dangerous communist and laid the seeds for his overthrow
Allende was killed in the presidential palace on 11 September 1973, in what came to be known as the “other 9/11”.
A report by the Chilean government later found that 40,018 people were killed, tortured, or imprisoned on political charges during Pinochet’s regime.
Historian Peter Kornbluh, author of
The Pinochet File, wrote that under the “narrow definition of ‘direct role’... the CIA does not appear to have been involved in the violent actions of the Chilean military on September 11, 1973.”
But he continued that the Nixon White House had undoubtedly “embraced the coup”.
In a recorded conversation with Nixon five days after it, Kissinger confessed: “We didn’t do it. I mean we helped them... (inaudible) created the conditions as great as possible.”
Pinochet’s military junta was immediately recognised by the United States, and the dictator ruled the country with an iron fist until 1990.